講講電線電纜基本知識

Talk about the basic knowledge of wire and cable

電線電纜制造流程概述

Overview of wire and cable manufacturing process

講講電線電纜的制造與大多數(shù)機(jī)電產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)方式是完全不同的。機(jī)電產(chǎn)品通常采用將另件裝配成部件、多個(gè)部件再裝配成單臺產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)品以臺數(shù)或件數(shù)計(jì)量。電線電纜是以長度為基本計(jì)量單位。所有電線電纜都是從導(dǎo)體加工開始，在導(dǎo)體的外圍一層一層地加上絕緣、屏蔽、、成纜、護(hù)層等而制成電線電纜產(chǎn)品。產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)越復(fù)雜，疊加的層次就越多。

The manufacture of wire and cable is quite different from that of most mechanical and electrical products. Mechanical and electrical products are usually assembled into components and multiple components to be reassembled into single products. The products are measured by number or number of pieces. Wire and cable are based on the length of the basic unit of measurement. All wires and cables start from conductor processing. They are made up of insulation, shielding, cable and protective layer on the outer side of the conductor, and are made into wire and cable products. The more complex the product structure, the more layers are superimposed.

一、電線電纜產(chǎn)品制造的工藝特性：

1. The technological characteristics of the manufacture of wire and cable products:

1．大長度連續(xù)疊加組合生產(chǎn)方式

Continuous superposition combined production mode of 1. large lengths

大長度連續(xù)疊加組合生產(chǎn)方式，對電線電纜生產(chǎn)的影響是全局性和控制性的，這涉及和影響到：

The influence of the continuous superposition of large length combined production on the production of wire and cable is global and controlled, which involves and affects:

（1）生產(chǎn)工藝流程和設(shè)備布置

(1) production process and equipment layout

貴州電線電纜認(rèn)為生產(chǎn)車間的各種設(shè)備必須按產(chǎn)品要求的工藝流程合理排放，使各階段的半成品，順次流轉(zhuǎn)。設(shè)備配置要考慮生產(chǎn)效率不同而進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)能力的平衡，有的設(shè)備可能必須配置兩臺或多臺，才能使生產(chǎn)線的生產(chǎn)能力得以平衡。從而設(shè)備的合理選配組合和生產(chǎn)場地的布置，必須根據(jù)產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)量來平衡綜合考慮。

All kinds of equipment in the production workshop must be reasonably discharged according to the technological process required by the product, so that the semi finished products of each stage will be transferred in a smooth way. The equipment configuration should balance the production capacity considering the different production efficiency. Some devices may have two or more units to balance the production capacity of the production line. Therefore, the rational selection and combination of the equipment and the layout of the production site must be taken into account according to the balance of the product and production.

（2）生產(chǎn)組織管理

(2) production organization and management

生產(chǎn)組織管理必須科學(xué)合理、周密準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)格細(xì)致，操作者必須一絲不茍地按工藝要求執(zhí)行，任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問題，都會影響工藝流程的通暢，影響產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和交貨。特別是多芯電纜，某一個(gè)線對或基本單元長度短了，或者質(zhì)量出現(xiàn)問題，則整根電纜就會長度不夠，造成報(bào)廢。反之，如果某個(gè)單元長度過長，則必須鋸去造成浪費(fèi)。

The organization and management of production must be scientific, reasonable, precise, precise and meticulous. Operators must be meticulous in accordance with the requirements of the process. Any part of the problem will affect the smooth process and affect the quality and delivery of products. In particular, multi core cable, a line pair or basic unit length is short, or quality problems, the whole cable will not be long enough to cause scrap. On the other hand, if the length of a unit is too long, it must be sawn to cause waste.

（3）質(zhì)量管理

(3) quality management

大長度連續(xù)疊加組合的生產(chǎn)方式，使生產(chǎn)過程中任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)、瞬時(shí)發(fā)生一點(diǎn)問題，就會影響整根電纜質(zhì)量。質(zhì)量缺陷越是發(fā)生在內(nèi)層，而且沒有及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)終止生產(chǎn)，那么造成的損失就越大。因?yàn)殡娋€電纜的生產(chǎn)不同于組裝式的產(chǎn)品，可以拆開重裝及更換另件；電線電纜的任一部件或工藝過程的質(zhì)量問題，對這根電纜幾乎是無法挽回和彌補(bǔ)的。事后的處理都是十分消極的，不是鋸短就是降級處理，要么報(bào)廢整條電纜。它無法拆開重裝。

The production mode of continuous superposition of large length makes any link and instantaneous problem in the production process will affect the quality of the whole cable. The more the quality defects occur in the inner layer, and the loss of production is not found in time, the greater the loss. Because the production of wire and cable is different from the assembled products, it can be reassembled and replaced. The quality problem of any part or process of wire and cable is almost irreparable to the cable. The aftertreatment is very negative, not the sawing or the downgrade, or the whole cable. It can't be reassembled.

電線電纜的質(zhì)量管理，必須貫串整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程。質(zhì)量管理檢查部門要對整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程巡回檢查、操作人自檢、上下工序互檢，這是保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的重要保證和手段。

Wire and cable quality management, must run through the entire production process. The inspection department of quality control should inspect the whole production process, inspect the operator and check the process with each other, which is an important guarantee and means to ensure product quality and improve the economic efficiency of enterprises.

2．生產(chǎn)工藝門類多、物料流量大

2. the production process is large and the material flow is large

電線電纜制造涉及的工藝門類廣泛，從有色金屬的熔煉和壓力加工，到塑料、橡膠、油漆等化工技術(shù)；纖維材料的繞包、編織等的紡織技術(shù)，到金屬材料的繞包及金屬帶材的縱包、焊接的金屬成形加工工藝等等。

Wire and cable manufacturing process involved a wide range of categories, from non-ferrous metal smelting and pressure processing, plastic, rubber, paint and other chemical technology; fiber material winding, weaving and other textile technology, metal materials and metal strip wrapped package, longitudinal welding metal forming process and so on.

電線電纜制造所用的各種材料，不但類別、品種、規(guī)格多，而且數(shù)量大。因此，各種材料的用量、備用量、批料周期與批量必須核定。同時(shí)，對廢品的分解處理、回收，重復(fù)利用及廢料處理，作為管理的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容，做好材料定額管理、重視節(jié)約工作。

All kinds of materials used in the manufacture of wire and cable are not only types, varieties and specifications, but also large quantities. Therefore, the amount of material, the amount of preparation, the period of batch and the batch must be approved. At the same time, the decomposition, recovery, reuse and waste disposal of waste products as an important part of management, we should do well in material ration management and pay attention to saving work.

電線電纜生產(chǎn)中，從原材料及各種輔助材料的進(jìn)出、存儲，各工序半成品的流轉(zhuǎn)到產(chǎn)品的存放、出廠，物料流量大，必須合理布局、動態(tài)管理。

In the production of wire and cable, the flow and storage of raw materials and auxiliary materials, the transfer of semi-finished products from each process to the storage and export of products, and the large volume of material must be rationally distributed and dynamically managed.

3．專用設(shè)備多

3. special equipment many

電線電纜制造使用具有本行業(yè)工藝特點(diǎn)的專用生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，以適應(yīng)線纜產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)、性能要求，滿足大長度連續(xù)并盡可能高速生產(chǎn)的要求，從而形成了線纜制造的專用設(shè)備系列。如擠塑機(jī)系列、拉線機(jī)系列、絞線機(jī)系列、繞包機(jī)系列等。

Wire and cable manufacturing, using special production equipment with characteristics of the industry, is suitable for the structure and performance requirements of cable products, and meets the requirements of continuous and high-speed production with large length, thus forming a series of special equipment for cable manufacturing. Such as extruding machine series, wire drawing machine series, stranded machine series, wrapping machine series and so on.

電線電纜的制造工藝和專用設(shè)備的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)，互相促進(jìn)。新工藝要求，促進(jìn)新專用設(shè)備的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展；反過來，新專用設(shè)備的開發(fā)，又提高促進(jìn)了新工藝的推廣和應(yīng)用。如拉絲、退火、擠出串聯(lián)線；物理發(fā)泡生產(chǎn)線等專用設(shè)備，促進(jìn)了電線電纜制造工藝的發(fā)展和提高，提高了電纜的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率。

The manufacturing process of wire and cable is closely related to the development of special equipment, and it promotes each other. New technology is required to promote the production and development of new special equipment; in turn, the development of new special equipment has promoted the promotion and application of new technology. Such as wire drawing, annealing, extrusion series line, physical foaming production line and other special equipment, promote the development and improvement of wire and cable manufacturing technology, and improve the quality and efficiency of cable products.

二、電線電纜的主要工藝

Two. The main process of wire and cable

電線電纜是通過：拉制、絞制、包覆三種工藝來制作完成的，型號規(guī)格越復(fù)雜，重復(fù)性越高。

Wire and cable are made through three processes: drawing, hanging, and coating. The more complex the model and the specification, the higher the repeatability.

1．拉制

1. drawing

在金屬壓力加工中.在外力作用下使金屬強(qiáng)行通過模具（壓輪）,金屬橫截面積被壓縮,并獲得所要求的橫截面積形狀和尺寸的技術(shù)加工方法稱為金屬拉制。

In metal pressure processing, the technological processing method of metal forcing through metal mold (pressing wheel), cross section area of metal and obtaining the required cross-sectional area and shape and size under external force is called metal drawing.

拉制工藝分：單絲拉制和絞制拉制。

Drawing process: single wire drawing and stranding.

2．絞制

2. stranded system

為了提高電線電纜的柔軟度、整體度，讓2根以上的單線，按著規(guī)定的方向交織在一起稱為絞制。

In order to improve the softness and integrity of the wire and cable, more than 2 single lines are interwoven in the prescribed direction, which is called the winch.

絞制工藝分：導(dǎo)體絞制、成纜、編織、鋼絲裝鎧和纏繞。

Stranding process: conductor stranding, cabling, weaving, and winding steel wire armoring.

3．包覆

3. cover

根據(jù)對電線電纜不同的性能要求，采用專用的設(shè)備在導(dǎo)體的外面包覆不同的材料。包覆工藝分：

According to the different performance requirements of wire and cable, special equipment is used to cover different materials outside the conductor. The coating process is divided into three parts:

A．?dāng)D包：橡膠、塑料、鉛、鋁等材料。

A. extrusion package: rubber, plastic, lead, aluminum and other materials.

B．縱包：橡皮、皺紋鋁帶材料。

B. longitudinal bag: rubber, wrinkled aluminum belt material.

C．繞包：帶狀的紙帶、

C. around the bag: strip of paper tape,